Feed Resources for Livestock and Poultry

Background

Increase in demand of animal origin food due to:

• Population growth
• Urbanization
• Changing consumer preferences
• Export potential

Feed Resources for Livestock

FODDERS

Crop residues

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF STRAWS

Nutritional quality is very poor because of:

• Deficient in Protein and energy
• Low palatability and low intake
• Low digestibility and feed efficiency
• Containing higher quantities of indigestible fiber and lignin
• Stay longer in the rumen, lowering the intake and impair productivity.

Rangelands & Pastures

• About 60% of the total area of the country is rangelands.
• Sheep & goats obtain 60% of their feed from rangelands
• Grasses, shrubs and tree leaves are the potential feed reservoir for livestock in Pakistan and needs improvement.
• Artificial reseeding, fertilization and other inputs could provide good results.

Agro-Industrial by-products

• Cotton seed cake & meal
• Rape seed cake & meal
• Sunflower cake & meal
• Linseed cake & meal
• Soybean meal
• Sesame seed cake
• Maize oil cake
• Maize gluten feed
• Wheat bran
• Rice bran
• Maize bran
• Rice polishing
• Cane molasses
• Palm Kernel Cake
• Coconut Cake

Live stock sector change

Livestock sector has developed and changed rapidly in response to

• Shifts in the global economy
• Rising incomes in many developing countries and
• Changing societal expectations

The sector is increasingly expected to provide safe and plentiful food for

• Growing urban populations
• As well as poverty reduction food security, environmental sustainability and public health
• These trends and the challenges were identified a decade ago by Delgado et al. (1999), who coined the term “livestock revolution”

Livestock Feed Industry of Pakistan

• 130 Feed mills in the country
• Only 10 major feed mills, producing ruminant feed in private sector
• Generally home mixed concentrate are prepared by livestock farmers.

Raw materials for poultry

SOLUTIONS

Food and Agriculture

• Contract farming
• Developments of Hybrid Seed
• Promotion of mechanization
• Improve the agronomic practices
• Facilitation to agriculture farmer
• Introduction of new varieties

Poultry & livestock sector

• Studies on Improved Protein and Energy Utilization
• Search for alternative feed ingredients
• Low cost unconventional feed resources
• Use of fiber, as an energy source in poultry diets will be an important means to meet future feed requirements
• Improved digestibility of unconventional feeds through biotechnological approach
• Gut environment manipulation for better nutrient utilization 
• Strict quality control of feed production systems

Energy Sources.. Nutrition

There are 4 types of energy sources used in poultry and livestock feeding;

• Cereals (Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Rice and Millets)
• Cereal Byproducts (wheat bran, rice bran, maize bran and rice polishing etc)
• Industrial Waste (Molasses)
• Fats and Oils (animal and vegetable oils)

Maize:

• It is principle energy source for poultry.
• It contains highest amount of energy among cereal Grains.
• M.E = 3340-3400 kcal/kg.
• C.P = 9.8%
• Whenever maize is stored, moisture level should be low to avoid fungal attack. So, aflatoxins are its restriction. Moisture level should be 12-15%.
• Highly palatable and excellent source of linoleic acid. Xanthophylls are higher in yellow maize.
• Inclusion rate = 10-50%.

By-Products

Maize bran is also excellent source of linoleic acid having C.P 10%. It is mostly used for buffalo feed. Energy value is 1300kcal/kg.

Wheat:

• Good source of energy next to maize and sorghum.
• M.E = 3400-3500 kcal/kg. Variable protein is 11-14%.
• It is principally used for humans.

By-Products

• Wheat bran is the coarse outer covering of wheat kernel separated from wheat during milling.
• M.E = 1300 kcal/kg
• C.P = 15%.
• It is laxative in nature due to high fiber content.

Rice:

• M.E = 3200 kcal/kg
• C.P = 8-10%.
• Narowal Rice is famous

By-Products

• These include rice bran, rice polishing, rice tips and rice broken (totta).
• High oil contents (17%) in rice polishing.
• Low oil contents (1-2%) in rice bran.
• Rice tips and rice polishing have C.P = 8% and M.E = 3400-3500kcal/kg.
• Inclusion Rate = 20-50% for rice tips and 10-15% for rice polish.

Sorghum:

• Also called milo or jowar
• M.E = 3350 kcal/kg.
• Higher protein than maize (10%)
• Light and dark varieties
• Availability of amino acids is low.
• Tennins is its restriction which is removed by alkalis.
• Inclusion rate = 5-10%.

Millets:

• Also called Bajra. These are small grains.
• Can be used in substitution of wheat.
• M.E = 2898 kcal/kg.
• C.P = 11.6%.
• Inclusion rate = 30-60%.

Molasses:

• It is a by product of the sugar refining industry.
• Both can and beet molasses contain 46-48% sugar.
• Increase palatability and decrease dutiness of feed.
• C.P  = 3%.
• M.E = 1962kcal/kg.
• Inclusion rate = less than 5%.
• Very high potassium content is its restriction.

Vegetable Protein Sources..Nutrition

Most of the vegetable protein sources are by products of the vegetable oil manufacturing industry.

Seed structure… Outer most layer is called husk and there is an Inner layer also present. Beneath is the endosperm which is the starch portion of the seed. Inner most is germ which is source of proteins and oils. In oil seeds, germ portion is 35-45%. In energy grains (cereals), germ portion is 7-15%.

All vegetable protein sources are either cakes or meals.

Cakes… if mechanical extraction from oil seeds is performed. Cakes have 3-9% oil.

Meals… if solvent extraction from oil seeds is performed to extract oil. Meals have 2% oil.

Most common vegetable protein sources include soyabean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal and cotton seed meal.

General characteristics of all vegetable sources Meals:

• Protein value ranges from 25-49%. It is always below 50%.
• Dry matter is quite high and ranges from 87-91%.
• Most of the vegetable protein sources also contain a starch portion which makes them a high energy source.
• Crude fiber percentage is 7-14%.

Soybean Meal:

• It is largest produced oil seed meal.
• It is available in hulled and dehulled forms. Dehulled form contains 47-49% protein which is maximum percentage of protein in any seed meal. Hulled form contains 44% protein.

Good Qualities… it is excellent source of well balanced amino acids. Only methionine is deficient.

• For poultry, soybean and corn are the ideal combination. By this, deficiency of methionine is also fulfilled from corn.
• Variation in amino acid profile is very low. Digestibility of the amino acids in soybean meal is 89%.
• It also contains sulfur amino acids which are very important in skeleton development.

Canola Meal:

• It is double zero variety of rapeseed. Rapeseed contains glucocinolate and erucic acid (antinutritional factors). In canola meal, these factors are removed by genetic engineering.
• It is second largest produced meal.
• It contains 34-36% crude protein. It is with 8.5% NDF which is quite low and indicative of good digestibility and high energy.

Rapeseed Meal:

• It is not preferred in poultry due to bitter taste. Bitter taste is because of two antinutritional factors which are glucocinolate and erucic acid.
• Inclusion rate is 5-7% in any animal ration.

Sunflower Meal:

Highly produced oil seed meal. It is rich in methionine. That’s why combination of soybean and sunflower meal makes good poultry diet.

Limiting Factors… These include crude fiber, protein variation and tennins.

Crude fiber

• Decortications of sunflower seed is not a preferable in oil industry. Mostly corticated meal is available containing 20% crude fiber. So it is limited in poultry diet.
• Protein variation is quite in dehulled and hulled sunflower meal. Dehulled contains 38% protein and hulled contains 48% protein.

Tennins… these are the factors having similar activity like trypsin inhibitors. These bind with proteins and inhibit different digestive enzymes.

Cotton Seed Meal:

• In large animals, it is prohibited due to presence of gossipol which is antinutritional factor causing many of the fertility problems.
• Presence of linter which is extra covering of seed increases fiber percentage and incidence of mycotoxins attack.
• In poultry diets, its use is also negligible.
• It is much inferior in 4 basic amino acids that are lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan.
• Digestibility of these amino acids is also much lower.

Corn Gluten Meal:

• It is available in protein percentage of 60% and 30%. Corn gluten containing some of the fiber and 42% of protein is known as corn gluten feed.
• Major limiting factor is presence of aflatoxins because of milling procedure known as wet milling of corn.

Classification of Feed Stuffs & Animal Protein Sources

Energy contents, CP value and fiber contents are the basis of classification. Every feed has a particular name called as IFN(international feed number). Use of feed stuff is considered a lot while classifying feed stuff.

There are 8 different classes of feed stuffs.

• Dry Roughages
• Pasture and grain grass
• Silage and Haylages
• High energy feed
• Protein supplements
• Mineral supplements
• Vitamin supplements
• Non nutritive feed additives

High energy feed.. there are two conditions for the high energy feed.

1. It should contain 70% or above TDN(total digestible nutrients). TDN is a unit of energy in a particular feed stuff. Interconversion units are metabolisable energy(ME), digestible energy(DE) and net energy(NE).
2. It should always contain less than 18% of crude fiber.

Protein…..If sample contains more than 20% protein only, it is a protein. For ruminants, a single amino acid is not a protein source. Crude Protein is total no. of nitrogenous substances present in a particular protein source.

Feed stuffs not following the IFN

Corn silage….. a quality corn silage is containing more than 70% TDN but it is classified as 3.

preparation of corn silage

Corn Silage

Alfa Alfa Hay..It contains more than 25% of crude protein but it is never a protein supplement because it’s basic use is as a roughage source.

alfalfa hay

IFN:

IFN is always a  6 digit code. 1^st digit is representative of the class. It is used as;

1. International trade of ingredients.

2. Computer formulation

3. Sources are defined for the formulation for a particular animal.

Concentrates:

Every concentrate have a particular nutrient in concentrated form/amount. Different concentrates are energy like sources;

1. Grains in animal feed

2. Supplements which include protein, vitamin and minerals.

3. By product feeds.

Grains….common grains are maize, rice, barley and oats.

By product feeds… These include midlings, brans, molasses. Different pulps like citrus pulp, wheat pulp are also by product feeds. For poultry, brewer grain is also considered as a by product feed.

Protein Supplements:

• Protein is polymer of amino acids. All proteins are originated from plant sources. Animal body cannot make a protein itself. It always requires plant to built protein source.
• All the crude protein in any protein stuff is not 100% digestible.
• Any roughages protein digestibility is 60%.
• Any concentrated protein digestibility is 75-85%. So any of the protein source is not a 100% digestible protein.
• Amino acids are of two types. Essential amino acids are those which are necessarily needed to compensate the requirement of non-essential amino acids. E.g. lysine.
• There are three main types of protein sources; animal, vegetable and non-protein nitrogenous sources.

Animal protein source:

All of the animal protein sources are by products of slaughter house facilities. The most common animal protein sources are fish meal, blood meal, meat meal and bone meal. Hydrolyzed weather meal even dried skim milk and whey protein is also the source of animal protein.

Whey protein…is a byproduct of cheese. Dried skim milk and whey protein are only used in young animals.

1. Animal protein sources are not used in the ruminant’s diet because they are readily convertible to NH3 in the rumen and ammonia toxicity is produced.
2. In protein sources dried matter contents should be 92%. All of the protein sources have CP of more than 50%. Fiber value in protein sources is “0” or negligible. Energy value of all the protein sources is high.

Fish Meal:

Protein value is very much variable because of the different species of the fish which we are processing. Some fish has more protein in structure and some has less. So, it’s protein value ranges from 57-80%.

Fish Meal

Fish Meal Preparation

Precautions

• if processing is not correct, then anti-nutritional factor “gigrosine” remains in the fish meal which will cause blood vomits in young chickens.
• All fish meals are originated from marine fish. So, there is high salt contents in these meals.

Blood Meal:

Blood meal is also a very high crude protein containing source. CP value is 84%. Processing and dry matter contents are precautionary measures.

1. Dry matter content should not be high. This shows that some of the proteins are in active source like “trypsin inhibitor” that causes indigestibility of protein in the animals.
2. Energy value of the blood meal is quite good because it contains some amount of lipids in it.

Blood Meal

Meat and Bone Meal:

In many of the countries, its use is banned due to improper autoclaving process and escape of prions even after auto-claving.

Meat and Bone Meal