Energy Sources.. Nutrition

There are 4 types of energy sources used in poultry and livestock feeding;

• Cereals (Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Rice and Millets)
• Cereal Byproducts (wheat bran, rice bran, maize bran and rice polishing etc)
• Industrial Waste (Molasses)
• Fats and Oils (animal and vegetable oils)

Maize:

• It is principle energy source for poultry.
• It contains highest amount of energy among cereal Grains.
• M.E = 3340-3400 kcal/kg.
• C.P = 9.8%
• Whenever maize is stored, moisture level should be low to avoid fungal attack. So, aflatoxins are its restriction. Moisture level should be 12-15%.
• Highly palatable and excellent source of linoleic acid. Xanthophylls are higher in yellow maize.
• Inclusion rate = 10-50%.

By-Products

Maize bran is also excellent source of linoleic acid having C.P 10%. It is mostly used for buffalo feed. Energy value is 1300kcal/kg.

Wheat:

• Good source of energy next to maize and sorghum.
• M.E = 3400-3500 kcal/kg. Variable protein is 11-14%.
• It is principally used for humans.

By-Products

• Wheat bran is the coarse outer covering of wheat kernel separated from wheat during milling.
• M.E = 1300 kcal/kg
• C.P = 15%.
• It is laxative in nature due to high fiber content.

Rice:

• M.E = 3200 kcal/kg
• C.P = 8-10%.
• Narowal Rice is famous

By-Products

• These include rice bran, rice polishing, rice tips and rice broken (totta).
• High oil contents (17%) in rice polishing.
• Low oil contents (1-2%) in rice bran.
• Rice tips and rice polishing have C.P = 8% and M.E = 3400-3500kcal/kg.
• Inclusion Rate = 20-50% for rice tips and 10-15% for rice polish.

Sorghum:

• Also called milo or jowar
• M.E = 3350 kcal/kg.
• Higher protein than maize (10%)
• Light and dark varieties
• Availability of amino acids is low.
• Tennins is its restriction which is removed by alkalis.
• Inclusion rate = 5-10%.

Millets:

• Also called Bajra. These are small grains.
• Can be used in substitution of wheat.
• M.E = 2898 kcal/kg.
• C.P = 11.6%.
• Inclusion rate = 30-60%.

Molasses:

• It is a by product of the sugar refining industry.
• Both can and beet molasses contain 46-48% sugar.
• Increase palatability and decrease dutiness of feed.
• C.P  = 3%.
• M.E = 1962kcal/kg.
• Inclusion rate = less than 5%.
• Very high potassium content is its restriction.